Glossary+of+Literary+Terms

==== **Conflict** : Struggle between opposing forces (characters, groups or ideas) in a poem, play, novel ==== ==== **Equilibrium; disequilibrium; new equilibrium** the theory that all stories start and end with a kind of equilibrium but the action changes that through a series of complications and events ==== **Causality **: one event occurs because of the other event **Exposition: **1. Background information regarding the setting, characters, plot. 2. Opening part of a play or story, in which we are introduced to the characters and their situation, often by reference to preceding events. **Foreshadowing **: A suggestion of what is going to happen. **Rising action **, in which complication creates some sort of conflict ** Climax **, the moment of greatest emotional tension in a narrative, usually marking a turning point in the plot at which the //rising action// reverses to become the //falling action//. **Resolution/Denouement **--The clearing up or ‘untying’ of the complications of the plot; the falling action. **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Suspense **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">: A sense of worry established by the author due to a lack of certainty about what is going to happen. || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Complex **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">or **Simple**. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Man v man <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Man v self <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Man v nature <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Man v society <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Man v machine <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Protagonist and antagonist; hero and villain; good and evil; war and peace <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">  || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Hero **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> or **heroine** – The main noble character in a narrative or drama. **Anti-hero** or **anti-heroine** – A central character in a dramatic or narrative work who lacks the qualities of nobility and magnanimity expected of traditional heroes and heroines. **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Static/Flat character **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">--A character who remains the same throughout the plot. **Dynamic/Round character**--A character that undergoes change/s in some important way in the narrative. || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">  ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Year 8 Glossary of terms for Fiction – Novel and Short Story ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Term ** ||  **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Definition **  ||  **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Examples **  ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Plot ** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The order of arrangement of ideas and/or incidents that make up a story in a play or a novel.
 * ===== <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">**Sub-plot** ===== || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A secondary sequence of actions in a dramatic or narrative work. It may either parallel or contrast the main plot.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">   ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Theme ** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A main idea that emerges from a literary work’s treatment of its subject matter.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Love, war, revenge, betrayal, fate…   ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Setting **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">  || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Tine and place of the action, It often can symbolize the emotional state of characters.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">a rainy day to show sadness   ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Tone ** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">the author's attitude towards the subject, character  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Formal, intimate, pompous, ironic, light, solemn, satiric, tender, harsh, sentimental…   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">**Style**  || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The manner of expression of a particular writer, produced by choice of words, grammatical structures, use of literary devices, and all the possible parts of language use. Most writers have their own particular styles.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Scientific, ornate, plain, emotive…   ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Character ** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A personage in a narrative or dramatic work: **Protagonist**--Major character at the centre of the story. **Antagonist**--A character or force that opposes the protagonist. **Minor character**--0ften provides support and illuminates the protagonist.
 * ===== <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">**Persona** ===== || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The speaker or the narrator in a fictional narrative (who expresses attitudes both toward the characters and material within the work and toward the audience or readers). Modern critics ask us to distinguish the persona from the real poet or writer as the writer’s voice may change from work to work.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">   ||
 * ===== <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">**Narrator /** =====

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">**Point of view**
|| <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The voice of the person telling the story, not to be confused with the author’s voice. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">With a **first-person narrator**, the I in the story presents the point of view of only one character. The narrator may play a major or a minor role in the work. The reader is restricted to the perceptions, thoughts, and feelings of that single character. **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Third-person narrator **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> stands outside the events and is not a character in the novel. **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Omniscient narrator **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> stands outside the events but has special privileges such as access to characters’ unspoken thoughts, and knowledge of events happening. **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Reliable narrators **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> whose accounts of events we are obliged to trust. **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Unreliable narrators **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, whose accounts may be partial, ill-informed, or otherwise misleading. || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Use of ‘I’ or ‘We’ <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Use of ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘they’... || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">“Light” for knowledge, <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">“White” for purity and truth, <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">“Red” for stop or murder. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">“Green” for eco friendly or prosperity. ||
 * ===== <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">**Simile** ===== || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A common figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison between two things by using words such as “like and as”.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">“I wandered lonely as a cloud”   ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Metaphor ** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A common figure of speech that makes a direct comparison between two things   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">“He is a pig”   ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Symbol ** ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Symbol, in the simplest sense, is anything that stands for or represents something else beyond it. Objects like flags and crosses can function symbolically; and words are also symbols.   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">‘Universal’ symbols –
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Imagery ** || === <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Word, phrase or lines that evoke concrete sense-impressions by literal or figurative reference to objects, scenes, actions, or states. A set of images constitutes imagery and suggests further meanings and associations than the metaphors and similes. (continued…)  ===

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Sensory imagery
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">2. "only the stuttering rifles' rapid rattle." <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">3. Smell the bad breath that"reeks." <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">4. "Come to the window, sweet is the night air!" <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">5. "he holds him with his skinny hand." <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">6. "Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling." || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">1. Situational Irony – Here the irony occurs when what one expects to happen does not happen, intead the opposite occurs. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">2. Verbal Irony – Commonly known as // Sarcasm, //expresses a contradiction between what is said and what it actually meant. || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">1. The judge appointed to investigate a scam is incidentally the one involved in it! <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">2. A latecomer to class is chided thus: “You are so early today!”  || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Juxtaposition can be within a phrase, sentence or a short stanza or paragraph. || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Exaggeration for the sake of emphasis in a figure of speech not meant literally. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Hyperbolic expressions are common in romance, where the beloved is glorified and in tragedies where the dead person is praised. || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">The common complaint: //I’ve been waiting here for ages//. || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">   || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">An inoffensive expression used in place of a blunt one that is felt to be disagreeable or embarrassing. || //<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Pass away //<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> instead of ‘die’; //comfort station// instead of ‘toilet’; //to sleep with// instead of ‘have intercourse with’ <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">. ||
 * 1) **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Visual **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> imagery – sight
 * 2) **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Auditory **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> imagery - sound
 * 3) **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Olfactory **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> imagery - smell
 * 4) **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Gustatory **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> imagery - taste
 * 5) **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Tactile **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> - touch
 * 6) **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Kinaesthetic **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> imagery – movement  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">1. "The gray sea and the long black land;/And the yellow half-moon large and low."
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Irony ** || === <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A common attitude adopted by many writers is the // Ironic Tone. //Irony refers to a contradiction in a situation/ statement. There are 2 types in Irony:  ===
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">**Personification** ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A form of metaphor in which human characteristics are attributed to nonhuman things.   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">“Invention, nature’s child”   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">**Juxtaposition** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">In literature, a juxtaposition occurs when two images that are otherwise not commonly brought together appear side by side or structurally close together, thereby forcing the reader to stop and reconsider the meaning of the text through the contrasting images, ideas, motifs, etc.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">For example, "He was slouched alertly" is a juxtaposition within a sentence.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Hyperbole **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Rhetorical Question ** || <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A question asked for the sake of persuasive effect rather than a genuine request for information, the speaker implying that the answer is too obvious to require a reply.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Milton <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> says, “//For what can war but endless war still breed?//”   ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Euphemism **